The Invisible Fire: How a U.S. Record in Hate Crime Was Missed & Ways to Address the Problem
Location
Littlefoot B Room 124B
Start Date
22-4-2023 10:30 AM
End Date
22-4-2023 11:45 AM
Publication Date
2023
Disciplines
Arts and Humanities | Law | Social and Behavioral Sciences
Description
U.S. hate crimes were up, again in 2022, though with a smaller increase - into a fourth straight year according to new data from the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism (CSHE) - a 24 year-old award-winning research and policy institution at California State University, San Bernardino. Inital FBI data for 2021 released last December, showed a decline, before a March supplemental revision reversal, showed a record 10,840 - resulting in confusion among the public, journalists and policymakers. The FBI updated its data for 2021 after missing most of Ohio.
The latest CSHE data also showed another rise in hate crime in 2022. Other recent findings include rising violence, historic elongated hate crime spikes, mass homicides, shifts in group targeting - and numerous broken records back to 1991.
The new 2022 data is from a CSHE sample of over 30 major U.S. cities and follows double digit percentage increases in each of the last two years. A 2022 rise would be only the third time since national record keeping began where hate crimes rose for four straight years. Blacks, Jews, Gays and Latinos were the most frequent targets in 2022. However, the groups with the hiighest increases were "other race," LGBTQ "mixed," Gender non-conforming, Jews and Trangender.
2021 saw records fall in the largest cities and states, and also in a wave of anti-Asian violence. In the largest national 2021 data set, covering 196 million population across 18 states and the District of Columbia, CSHE found a cumulative increase of 21% to 8,896 – more than the FBI’s 2020 total for the entire U.S., and the highest since 2001’s record high of 9,730 spurred by the 9/11 terror attacks [below, center]. Nine states broke annual records in 2021 and 14 of 19 jurisdictions surveyed rose.
Larger cities rose more, by 29%, in another 2021 data set of major U.S. cities, covering 35 of the nation’s 50 largest ones. The ten largest U.S. cities rose even higher: by 39%, while also hitting a record total of 1,664 hate crimes [below left]. Smaller cities reported lower double-digit percentage increases. Canada reported a 27% increase in hate speech/crime in 2021.
CSHE subsets of 2021 hate crime data from higher reporting larger U.S. cities revealed a wide range of increases: a 224% rise in anti-Asian crimes to a new record total of 369, a 59% rise in anti-Jewish crimes, a 51% in anti-Gay crimes, a 41% in anti- Latino crimes, a 30% in anti-white ones, and a 16% rise in anti-Black crime. FBI national hate crime tallies started in 1991.
Anti-Black crime rose 46% in the FBI’s nationwide totals from 2020. In every 2021 overall CSHE data set anti-Black hate crime remained the most frequent bias. Anti-transgender bias 6% rise in 2021 may also be accelerating in 2022.
Because of newer issues with the FBI’s conversion to the NIBRS (National Incident Based Reporting System), as well as previous deficiencies the FBI’s 2021 release appears to be the most inaccurate in the history of the reporting program, which dates back to 1991. This presentation will also offer key recommendations for improving data collection in the United States.
Description Format
html
Recommended Citation
Levin, Brian, "The Invisible Fire: How a U.S. Record in Hate Crime Was Missed & Ways to Address the Problem" (2023). International Conference on Hate Studies. 61.
https://repository.gonzaga.edu/icohs/2023/seventh/61
Full Text of Presentation
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Media Format
flash_audio
Session Title
Review of U.S. Congressional Politics, Hate Crimes, Potential for Violence, and Sex-Gender Differences Research
Type
Panel
The Invisible Fire: How a U.S. Record in Hate Crime Was Missed & Ways to Address the Problem
Littlefoot B Room 124B
U.S. hate crimes were up, again in 2022, though with a smaller increase - into a fourth straight year according to new data from the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism (CSHE) - a 24 year-old award-winning research and policy institution at California State University, San Bernardino. Inital FBI data for 2021 released last December, showed a decline, before a March supplemental revision reversal, showed a record 10,840 - resulting in confusion among the public, journalists and policymakers. The FBI updated its data for 2021 after missing most of Ohio.
The latest CSHE data also showed another rise in hate crime in 2022. Other recent findings include rising violence, historic elongated hate crime spikes, mass homicides, shifts in group targeting - and numerous broken records back to 1991.
The new 2022 data is from a CSHE sample of over 30 major U.S. cities and follows double digit percentage increases in each of the last two years. A 2022 rise would be only the third time since national record keeping began where hate crimes rose for four straight years. Blacks, Jews, Gays and Latinos were the most frequent targets in 2022. However, the groups with the hiighest increases were "other race," LGBTQ "mixed," Gender non-conforming, Jews and Trangender.
2021 saw records fall in the largest cities and states, and also in a wave of anti-Asian violence. In the largest national 2021 data set, covering 196 million population across 18 states and the District of Columbia, CSHE found a cumulative increase of 21% to 8,896 – more than the FBI’s 2020 total for the entire U.S., and the highest since 2001’s record high of 9,730 spurred by the 9/11 terror attacks [below, center]. Nine states broke annual records in 2021 and 14 of 19 jurisdictions surveyed rose.
Larger cities rose more, by 29%, in another 2021 data set of major U.S. cities, covering 35 of the nation’s 50 largest ones. The ten largest U.S. cities rose even higher: by 39%, while also hitting a record total of 1,664 hate crimes [below left]. Smaller cities reported lower double-digit percentage increases. Canada reported a 27% increase in hate speech/crime in 2021.
CSHE subsets of 2021 hate crime data from higher reporting larger U.S. cities revealed a wide range of increases: a 224% rise in anti-Asian crimes to a new record total of 369, a 59% rise in anti-Jewish crimes, a 51% in anti-Gay crimes, a 41% in anti- Latino crimes, a 30% in anti-white ones, and a 16% rise in anti-Black crime. FBI national hate crime tallies started in 1991.
Anti-Black crime rose 46% in the FBI’s nationwide totals from 2020. In every 2021 overall CSHE data set anti-Black hate crime remained the most frequent bias. Anti-transgender bias 6% rise in 2021 may also be accelerating in 2022.
Because of newer issues with the FBI’s conversion to the NIBRS (National Incident Based Reporting System), as well as previous deficiencies the FBI’s 2021 release appears to be the most inaccurate in the history of the reporting program, which dates back to 1991. This presentation will also offer key recommendations for improving data collection in the United States.